https://www.humanite.fr/monde/qatar...141122&utm_medium=email&utm_source=sendinblue
A lucrative business, "the biggest in the world" according to the head of a recruitment agency who, for L'Humanité, dissects this system. From the mirage of El Dorado to the gates of hell.
Som Bahadur Rahadi is not a dreamer by nature, but lately he has been seeing life in a different light. He is rediscovering Thulo Lumpek, his village, a string of hamlets that run along the ridge at an altitude of 2,000 metres, facing the Himalayan range and its eternally snow-capped peaks. At the end of October, the post-monsoon season, the sky is still blue, the sun is shining and the air is fresh and pure. Nothing like the flat, sandy Qatar where he spent four years. A nightmare. And a country he has left forever. At least that's what he hopes.
Som Bahadur Rahadi used to grow wheat to feed his family - a son and two daughters. Sometimes he would take his tools and get hired on small jobs. "But with each passing day, I was more and more worried about the children," he recalls. "I wondered how I was going to provide a future for them. At that time, we were helped by our neighbours, often with food, sometimes with money."
The beginning of a terrible debt
As he explains, not without euphemism, to ward off this "difficult life", he had to find a solution. It came almost naturally: to go to Qatar. Over there, the construction sites for the football World Cup and the construction of related infrastructures (roads, hotels, etc.) employ millions of migrants, including over 350,000 Nepalese. This is a workforce that the Gulf petro-monarchies love. Only 5% are skilled workers, while 74% are unskilled and 21% are semi-skilled.
In agreement with his wife, Som Bahadur makes his decision. The obstacle course begins. It is the beginning of a terrible debt. To get a job in Qatar (but this is true for all the Gulf countries), you first have to go to an agency specialising in recruitment. There are an estimated 854 such agencies in Nepal. A lucrative business - "the biggest in the world", claims one of these agency bosses who insists on remaining anonymous but who, for L'Humanité, dissects the system.
To make themselves known, these agencies develop their marketing in the countries of employment, such as Qatar. When one of them obtains a contract, it publishes the job offers in the media. But some subcontract the hiring to less careful agencies, which send recruiters to the villages. In rural and mountainous areas far from the modern world, scams are easy. City recruiters" offer the promise of an El Dorado. These poor people make unfair agreements with these agencies, which usually demand exorbitant sums. Nepal's legal limit of 10,000 rupees (76 euros) on recruitment fees is smashed.
The worker has to pay for everything out of his own pocket
The looting orchestrated by the agencies can then begin. Everything is billed, from insurance to visas, from the training course that is supposed to teach workers the habits and customs of the destination country to the provident fund! The sum of 20,000 rupees (152 euros) - a minimum - is quickly reached. In a country where one in five people live on less than 2 euros a day, this amount is already astronomical.
But that's not all. "When the visa has been obtained and 300 riyals (80 euros) paid, they are sent to the Qatar Visa Center (QVC) for medical examinations (blood tests, respiratory control, urine) and biometric tests," explains the head of the agency, still on condition of anonymity. "Normally, this QVC is free. But some companies based in Doha charge the Nepalese labour provider for it. The payment is made in Nepal and then transferred to Qatar." According to him, only 10% of the companies based in the emirate cover all the costs of recruitment. In 90% of cases, the worker has to pay everything out of his own pocket. These figures are difficult to verify, but they are corroborated by the testimonies we were able to gather.
Meter interest
"To pay, Nepalis take out loans with exorbitant interest rates, from 48% to 60%," says Rameshwar Nepal, executive director of Equidem Research Nepal, a human and labour rights organisation. Krishna Neupane, general secretary of the Kathmandu-based National Network for Migrant Support (NNMS), also deplores the attitude of banks that refuse to lend money. "So the would-be migrants go to the rich people in their village, mortgage their land and have to pay back in two or three years."
He also denounces what is known in Nepal as 'meter interest'. "If you are given a loan at 36% interest and after one year you have not managed to pay it back, then the next year the basic amount due is increased by 36% and the interest will be calculated from that amount. A bottomless pit, so to speak. A procedure that can last a lifetime."
Driven to ultimate desperation
Raj (not his real name), who works in Qatar, denounces "the corruption of the government that allows this mafia of recruitment agencies to develop". They are talking about a billion rupees a month (7.6 million euros). Raj himself was defrauded once in 2005. After paying 300,000 rupees (now 2,200 euros), he first went to Delhi, India, to work in Afghanistan, he was promised. He returned to Nepal empty-handed, as there were no jobs waiting for him in Kabul.
According to him, "15% of the workers who arrive in Qatar actually have no job and have to go back. Those who are smart or educated manage to get their money back from the agency. But the vast majority do nothing and find themselves in a very difficult situation."
This can push some migrants to the point of ultimate despair. "A friend of mine committed suicide in Qatar last month," says Keshav, who has worked as a supervisor for a major oil company in the emirate since 2006. "He was very indebted and didn't know how to cope. Some ended their lives because of delayed or unpaid salaries, which added to their debt, others because of a mix-up and fear of going to jail."
Time-off? Only every two years
Som Bahadur Rahadi had to pay 80,000 rupees (600 euros), a sum that does not include the costs of travel and accommodation in Kathmandu, an eight-hour bus ride from his village. One "beautiful" day, he finally boarded a plane to Doha. He found himself unloading goods in the supermarkets of Qatar. He woke up at 3 a.m. and had to travel for an hour to get to work at 4 a.m. He won't be back in his four-person room until 7pm. Fourteen hours paid at twelve, "because the boss does not take into account the time spent between two delivery points". Not a single day off per week. Holidays? Only every two years.
Under pressure from international trade unions and human rights organisations, Qatar initiated a reform of the labour system in 2017. In this country where trade unions are banned, the establishment of "joint committees", which are supposed to represent the voice of employees, is now boasted. A structure that the Nepalese organisation General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (Gefont) describes as "useless and incapable of really addressing the problems".
Its (clandestine) trade union representative in Qatar, whom we were able to meet in Kathmandu (let's call him Saurav), recognises that "there is no longer any kafala (a system that subjected the worker to his boss withholding his passport - editor's note), no longer any obligation to provide a so-called no-objection certificate (NOC) when one wants to change employer. This does not mean that all the problems have been solved. There are so many conditions to fulfil that it is much more difficult than they say.""
As for the joint committees, not only are they far from being set up by the bosses, but no enforcement measures are planned. "On 14 August, nearly 4,000 demonstrators took to the streets to demand the payment of back wages," recalls Saurav. Many of them were arrested and then deported.
Required to disappear from the landscape
Another "change" is the introduction of a minimum wage of 1,800 riyals (477 euros). But, in the absence of real controls - which even the International Labour Organisation is unable to carry out - "companies cheat and do not pay what they owe", denounces Smritee Lama, head of the Gefont union.
The mechanism is as follows: "The cash withdrawal cards of each worker are actually in the hands of the employer, who deducts 800 riyals" (212 euros). These arbitrary deductions are said to cover the costs of food (300 riyals, 80 euros) and accommodation (500 riyals, 133 euros). Since employers don't talk about it, "most workers don't even realise it! And those who do know, keep quiet for fear of being fired for one reason or another. Being made redundant means going back to the country where there is a loan to pay back. So they say to themselves that 1,000 riyals (265 euros) is better than nothing at all."
Rameshwar Nepal notes that "there have been announcements to the rest of the world, but I don't see any significant changes in the lives of migrant workers. They remain under the control of recruiters and there are still many deaths. Despite the promises of the Qatari authorities, the attacks on these migrants continue."
This is also evidenced by the expulsion of hundreds, if not thousands, of foreign workers in recent weeks, who have been asked to disappear from the landscape to make way for the arrival of the World Cup fans, which starts on 20 November. Hide these migrants that I cannot see, so to speak.