The science behind RHCs liver thread

Is it not general relativity?

 

GR does not deal with acceleration

SR does, and particles must accelerate to c for matter to be infinitely dense. Never mind particles trying to accelerate in something that is 0 volume

Hawking also didn't consider energy-temperature relationship of the Maxwell-Boltzman formula

Temperature (kinetic energy) cannot exist in 0 volume either, neither can an energy-temperature relationship

Edit
Oh and before I forget, as the velocity of a particle increases ,the energy radiated by it to the surroundings also increases, this would be a requirement of infinite temperature as hawking's theory of everything asserted. The theory does not hold, even to someone like me, 2 years into a physics degree.

As always, there is a danger in theoretical physics, the danger of letting the mathematics guide the logic instead of letting logic guide the mathematics, I honestly think Hawking fell afoul of this.

 

Consider the alleged big bang

An explosion that can overcome infinite density ergo infinite gravity, yet no place for this to occur, as 0 volume as Hawking postulated is in fact something that does not exist. If something has 0 volume for all intents and purposes it does not exist in the physical world. It is a coordinate, a point, a reference, not something physical

 

@Donga

I agree with Kip Thorne as far as his logical theoretical reasoning was superior to hawking's
Information cannot disappear. Thorne's reasoning was solid, information (physical interaction) cannot simply disappear.
Thorne claimed as more information was sucked in beyond the event horizon, the event Horizon grew and so the event Horizon was in fact a representation of all information sucked beyond. Of course one must just assume there is such a thing as an event horizon.

Sadly this logical reasoning led to the, believe it or not, hologram theory, that all information within a physical object is represented on the surface, measured in planck units if my memory serves me correctly

 

I'm not posting on this thread again for at least a week

 

Think that's on YouTube now.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox#Black_hole_war

 

The contention being that all of these laws came into being after the Big Bang. Absolutely unfalsifiable with the technology we have now, of course, but then again, the world being round was a mathematical hypothesis until people sailed around it.

 

I think that's where I heard Thorne explain his bet, some years ago, He's at Stanford I think, or was. Ta

 

The theoretical area of cosmology is mind boggling. Fair point on the tech angle, though I think hawking was guilty of rabbit hole maths, but by no means the only one, and it still doesn't take away from how intelligent that ****er is. I'd happily settle for a 10th of his level in a heartbeat

 

doesn't greatest scientists by definition require changing thinking on a grand scale?

 

Chemists Discover Plausible Recipe for Early Life on Earth
Recent experiments demonstrate that key chemical reactions that support life today could have been carried out with ingredients likely present on the planet four billion years ago

By The Scripps Research Institute | January 09, 2018
The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have developed a fascinating new theory for how life on Earth may have begun.

Their experiments, described Jan. 8 in the journal Nature Communications, demonstrate that key chemical reactions that support life today could have been carried out with ingredients likely present on the planet four billion years ago.

“This was a black box for us,” said Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, PhD, associate professor of chemistry at TSRI and senior author of the new study. “But if you focus on the chemistry, the questions of origins of life become less daunting.”

For the new study, Krishnamurthy and his coauthors, who are all members of the National Science Foundation/National Aeronautics and Space Administration Center for Chemical Evolution, focused on a series of chemical reactions that make up what researchers refer to as the citric acid cycle.

Every aerobic organism, from flamingoes to fungi, relies on the citric acid cycle to release stored energy in cells. In previous studies, researchers imagined early life using the same molecules for the citric acid cycle as life uses today. The problem with that approach, Krishnamurthy explains, is that these biological molecules are fragile and the chemical reactions used in the cycle would not have existed in the first billion years of Earth—the ingredients simply didn’t exist yet.

Leaders of the new study started with the chemical reactions first. They wrote the recipe and then determined which molecules present on early Earth could have worked as ingredients.

The new study outlines how two non-biological cycles—called the HKG cycle and the malonate cycle—could have come together to kick-start a crude version of the citric acid cycle. The two cycles use reactions that perform the same fundamental chemistry of a-ketoacids and b-ketoacids as in the citric acid cycle. These shared reactions include aldol additions, which bring new source molecules into the cycles, as well as beta and oxidative decarboxylations, which release the molecules as carbon dioxide (CO2).

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IMAGE COURTESY GREG SPRINGSTEEN AND RAMANARAYANAN KRISHNAMURTHY

As they ran these reactions, the researchers found they could produce amino acids in addition to CO2, which are also the end products of the citric acid cycle. The researchers think that as biological molecules like enzymes became available, they could have led to the replacement of non-biological molecules in these fundamental reactions to make them more elaborate and efficient.

“The chemistry could have stayed the same over time, it was just the nature of the molecules that changed,” says Krishnamurthy. “The molecules evolved to be more complicated over time based on what biology needed.”

“Modern metabolism has a precursor, a template, that was non-biological,” adds Greg Springsteen, PhD, first author of the new study and associate professor of chemistry at Furman University.

Making these reactions even more plausible is the fact that at the center of these reactions is a molecule called glyoxylate, which studies show could have been available on early Earth and is part of the citric acid cycle today (called the “Glyoxylate shunt or cycle”).

Krishnamurthy says more research needs to be done to see how these chemical reactions could have become as sustainable as the citric acid cycle is today.

In addition to Krishnamurthy and Springsteen, authors of the study, “Linked Cycles of Oxidative Decarboxylation of Glyoxylate as Protometabolic Analogs of the Citric Acid Cycle,” were Jayasudhan Reddy Yerabolu of The Scripps Research Institute and the National Science Foundation (NSF)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Center for Chemical Evolution; and Julia Nelson and Chandler Joel Rhea of Furman University.

 

Anyone bothered about the latest theory that the Earth's magnetic poles are about to "flip", apparently if it happens large parts of the Earth will be uninhabitable.

 

No.

 

What if the "flip" spills your Carling

 

That is not a latest theory, it's an old well known fact.
It won't happen overnight though so don't worry, the last few times it has happened it took a few years and could happen again in the next few thousand years.

 

Wish someone had told me that before I wiped out the family to save them the pain. Ah well, onward and upward

 

Gravity doesn’t leak into large, hidden dimensions
Observations from neutron star smashup challenge some theories that include unknown realms
BY
EMILY CONOVER
12:30PM, FEBRUARY 1, 2018

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3-D VISION Light and gravitational waves from a recent neutron star merger (illustrated) suggested that there are only three large dimensions of spacetime into which gravity can penetrate.

• When it comes to the dimensions of spacetime, what you see may be what you get.

Using observations from the collision of two neutron stars that made headlines in 2017 (SN: 11/11/17, p. 6), scientists found no evidence of gravity leaking into hidden dimensions. The number of observed large spatial dimensions — kilometer-scale or bigger — is still limited to the three we know and love, the researchers report January 24 at arXiv.org.

Just as insects floating on a pond may be unaware of what’s above or below the water’s surface, our 3-D world might be part of a higher-dimensional universe that we can’t directly observe. However, says astrophysicist David Spergel of Princeton University, a coauthor of the new study, “gravity might be able to explore those other dimensions.”

Such extra dimensions might explain some conundrums in physics, such as the existence of dark matter (an as-yet-unidentified source of mass in the universe) and dark energy (which causes the universe’s expansion rate to accelerate), says coauthor Daniel Holz, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago. “That’s why people get excited about these modifications.”

To look for any hint of leaking gravity, scientists turned to the light and gravitational waves emitted in the neutron star smashup detected on August 17, 2017. The light allowed scientists to find the galaxy where the neutron stars merged. Spergel, Holz and colleagues showed that, given the galaxy’s distance from Earth, the strength of the gravitational waves was as expected. Extra dimensions weren’t stealing, and thus weakening, the observed ripples.

A variety of theories predict extra dimensions of spacetime into which gravity could leak, but the new result applies only to large extra dimensions, Spergel says. That’s because the gravitational waves detected from the neutron star collision have wavelengths of thousands of kilometers. Tiny extra dimensions, smaller than a fraction of a millimeter across, have also been proposed, but they wouldn’t affect such extended ripples.

One theory, proposed in 2000 by a group of theoretical physicists including Georgi Dvali, predicts a type of large extra dimension. The effects of gravity leaking into such dimensions would be visible only over long distances — explaining why gravity on smaller scales, such as the size of the solar system, behaves as if there are three spatial dimensions.

Because the gravitational waves don’t seem to weaken on their trek to Earth, they must travel more than about 65 million light-years before leaking into any potential additional dimension, the researchers concluded in the new study.

But other theories of extra dimensions are unaffected by the result. String theory, which posits that particles are made up of infinitesimal vibrating strings, predicts tiny extra dimensions that are curled up on themselves. “We’re not in any way ruling out string theory,” Spergel says. Another variety of extra spacetime dimension, of potentially infinite size, was proposed by physicists Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum in 1999 (SN: 9/26/09, p. 22). But such theories also would not be ruled out, because gravity can’t penetrate very far into that type of extra dimension.

Neutron star mergers are “a completely new laboratory of testing gravity,” says Dvali, of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, who was not involved with the research. “This is absolutely fascinating and fantastic.” But, Dvali notes, the type of extra dimension he proposed back in 2000 already seems unlikely on these scales. “I would say there is already an extremely strong constraint on leakage coming from cosmology.” No matter how far we peer out into space, the universe seems to follow the normal laws of gravity in three dimensions.

For now, the dimensions of space remain as simple as 1, 2, 3.

 

Fully Autonomous DNA Nanorobots Target and Starve Tumors in Mice

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[Source: Jason Drees, Arizona State University]

• A team of scientists in the U.S. and China has created programmable DNA origami nanorobots that can seek out and shrink tumors by blocking their blood supply. Tests in mice carrying breast, melanoma, ovarian, and lung tumors showed how the DNA nanorobots homed in on cancer-feeding blood vessels and induced the formation of clots, which effectively shut off the tumors' lifeline of oxygen and nutrients. The results included stunted tumor growth, shrinkage of existing tumors and metastasis, and inhibition of metastases. Animals treated using nanorobot injections survived for longer, and in some cases demonstrated complete tumor regression. Critically, the nanorobots were found to be safe and didn’t trigger immune responses when tested in normal mice and pigs.
  
  "We have developed the first fully autonomous, DNA robotic system for a very precise drug design and targeted cancer therapy," claims Hao Yan, Ph.D., director of the Arizona State University (ASU) Biodesign Institute's Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics and the Milton Glick Professor in the School of Molecular Sciences. "Moreover, this technology is a strategy that can be used for many types of cancer, since all solid tumor-feeding blood vessels are essentially the same."
  
  Dr. Hao Yan’s laboratory, working with a research team headed by Yuliang Zhao, Ph.D., and Baoquan Ding, Ph.D., at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) in Beijing, China, describe the nanorobots in Nature Biotechnology, in a paper entitled “A DNA Nanorobot Functions as a Cancer Therapeutic in Response to a Molecular Trigger In Vivo.”
  
  Starving tumors to death by selectively cutting off their blood supply is an attractive strategy against cancer, the authors explain. Using an approach that causes vascular occlusion, for example, could start to work within just hours, and would also be applicable to just about any type of tumors.
  
  To achieve this, Prof. Hao Yan’s team turned to DNA origami as the foundation for developing a DNA nanorobot system, based on a self-assembled nanotube, which could deliver the coagulation protease thrombin specifically to tumors and essentially cause thrombosis in tumor-feeding blood vessels, but without affecting vasculature in healthy tissues.
  
  The project was started 5 years ago, when the NCNST researchers first looked at cutting off the tumor blood supply by inducing blood coagulation using DNA-based nanocarriers. Hao Yan's longstanding expertise in DNA origami expertise has allowed the nanomedicine concept to be upgraded to a fully programmable robotic system. "These nanorobots can be programmed to transport molecular payloads and cause on-site tumor blood supply blockages, which can lead to tissue death and shrink the tumor," notes Prof. Ding.
  
  Each nanorobot is created from a flat, rectangular DNA origami sheet, just 90 nm by 60 nm in area, and just 2 nm thick. Four thrombin molecules are attached to the origami sheet surface, which is then rolled up into a hollow tube with the thrombin molecules protected on the inside. The tube structure is held together by fastener strands that include DNA aptamer molecules designed to nucleolin, a protein specifically expressed on tumor-associated endothelial cells. The final construction is a hollow, tube-shaped DNA nanorobot with a diameter of about 19 nm and a length of about 90 nm.
  
  The scientists hypothesized that the aptamer molecules on the DNA nanorobots would recognize and bind to their nucleolin targets on tumor blood vessels, triggering the fastening strips to pop open. This would allow the nanorobot to spring back into its original shape and so expose the blood vessels to the thrombin, causing the development of thrombosis.
  
  The team first used fluorescent beacons to confirm that the nanorobots opened up as expected when bound to nucleolin. They then carried out a series of in vitro experiments to show that the thrombin-loaded nanorobots (nanorobot-Th) caused coagulation.
  
  The researchers next evaluated the nanorobots in mouse models in vivo. Fluorescence imaging studies showed that nanorobots accumulated in breast tumors carried by experimental mice and bound to the tumor vascular endothelium. Further analyses showed that nanorobot administration led to blood vessel occlusion in the tumors within just 24 hours; by 48 hours there was advanced thrombosis, and by 72 hours dense thrombi were evident in all the tumor vessels. Encouragingly, there was no evidence of thrombi or other abnormalities in any of the animals’ major organs, “verifying that thrombosis was specific to the tumor vasculature,” the authors state.
  
  Additional studies in tumor-bearing mice confirmed that nanorobot injections led to much slower tumor growth, “indicating a therapeutic effect in inhibiting tumor growth,” and significant increases in animal survival. The nanorobot therapy was particularly effective in a melanoma mouse model, in which three of eight treated mice showed complete tumor regression and more than double median survival time. The nanorobot therapy also effectively prevented the development of melanoma metastases in the liver, “which can likely be attributed to the inhibition of primary tumor progression or to the regression of vascularized metastases,” the researchers write.
  
  The nanorobots were even effective in mice bearing xenografts of human ovarian cancers, which are less vascularized than some tumor types. In these animals, nanorobot therapy still significantly prolonged survival, and while the results were “not as remarkable” as in the melanoma model, they did “nonetheless show that limited tumor permeability does not prevent the nanorobot from exerting antitumor activity,” the team comments.
  
  Particularly encouraging therapeutic results were generated in a mouse model that faithfully mirrors the clinical course of human lung cancer. Tumor-bearing animals received nanorobot injections every 3 days for 2 weeks. Imaging and tumor-staining studies showed that after treatment the tumor regions were “riddled with intratumoral spaces,” which indicated that tumor growth was retarded. Staining studies also highlighted thickening of alveolar wall and fibrosis, “suggesting a consequential remodeling of the tumor tissues into normal lung tissues,” the authors claim.
  
  The team also carried out extensive safety studies in two different mammals, including the Bama miniature pig, which is physiologically and anatomically very similar to humans. "The nanorobot proved to be safe and immunologically inert for use in normal mice and also in Bama miniature pigs, showing no detectable changes in normal blood coagulation or cell morphology," comments Prof. Yuliang Zhao. Importantly, there was no evidence that the nanorobots spread into the brain. "Treatment with [the] nanorobot-Th system did not lead to any significant variations in the blood coagulation parameters or histological morphology when compared to the control group, demonstrating that the nanorobot-Th is decidedly safe in the normal tissues of large animals,” the authors write.
  
  "The thrombin delivery DNA nanorobot constitutes a major advance in the application of DNA nanotechnology for cancer therapy," claims Yan. "In a melanoma mouse model, the nanorobot not only affected the primary tumor but also prevented the formation of metastasis, showing promising therapeutic potential."
  
  “DNA nanorobotic systems, such as the one we describe here with targeting and triggered release properties, may inspire the design of novel cancer therapeutics modified with different targeting ligands to mediate delivery of multiple biologically active payloads, such as short interfering RNA (siRNA), chemotherapeutics or peptide drugs,” the authors suggest. They are now looking for partners to develop the technology for clinical applications.
  
  "I think we are much closer to real, practical medical applications of the technology," Hao Yan states. "Combinations of different rationally designed nanorobots carrying various agents may help to accomplish the ultimate goal of cancer research: the eradication of solid tumors and vascularized metastases. Furthermore, the current strategy may be developed as a drug delivery platform for the treatment of other diseases by modification of the geometry of the nanostructures, the targeting groups, and the loaded cargoes."
  

 

Amazing and ****ing scary at the same time. Make that **** into a weapon and **** me.