I think you are on the wrong path here in expecting that Vettel would react like Hamilton. Vettel is much more down to earth than Hamilton ever was. Family background, lifestyle and so on differ too much. Alonso is a better example than Hamilton if you want to compare Vettels maturity.
I guess we won't know until the day comes. At the moment I don't think he's mature enough as a person and his arrogance and frustrations may get the better of him. More to the point of this thread, a slower car could end the great partnership of Newey and Vettel.
I think it would be very interesting to see how Vettel would handle having a slower car. He is like Hamilton in that he has only really driven good cars in F1 so after winning WDCx2 and then getting a slower car it would be interesting. When Webber was beating him in the middle of the 2010 season you could see Vettel was getting annoyed and frustrated which could suggest that he would handle it badly if/when he gets a car that is not that good. However maybe the world championships have matured him, or maybe they have emphasised the feeling of entitlement even more. Time will hopefully tell.
Newey is the main man in that particular partnership. I keep saying it, but half the grid could fill the driver part. How many drivers have spent their whole careers in obscurity in rubbish cars, wasting their immense talent at the back of the grid? Newey can find loopholes in the the rules and regulations like no other designer. He is totally irreplacable at Red Bull. Almost anybody could fulfil the driver role.
Well, he did alright in a pretty average Toro Rosso in 2007 and 2008 didn't he? I mean he nearly finished on the podium in Japan in 2007 and of course he won at Monza in 2008. Yes these were both in the wet, but do show he can handle a slower car.
Judging how Vettel would react to a poorer car is pretty hard. Obviously he was fine on his way up, but it's always hard to fall from the peak. I'd imagine he'd cope like Alonso has, generally with dignity, but occasionally allowing frustration to boil over. I think Hamilton's having a particularly hard time of it because: 1) he's always had the best machinery, even in the junior series 2) I think he's finding out he can't live up to the expectations that he and some of his fans have of him McLaren have pretty much admitted the blame for the first element and suggested they wouldn't follow the same approach with another young driver again, obviously Redbull didn't take the same approach with Seb. With regard to the second, in my experience Vettel fans on the F1 circuit seem pretty realistic and Seb also seems to be so, I'm not sure if he's over hyped in the German media, however...
Webber's only role at Red Bull is to make sure that Red Bull win the constructor's title. He isn't allowed to challenge Vettel. That became abundantly clear during the season before last. Everyone knows where Red Bull's priorities lie, and they don't lie with giving Webber an shot at the driver's title.