Million-year-old skull rewrites human evolution, scientists claim 59 minutes ago Share Save please log in to view this image Pallab GhoshScience Correspondent please log in to view this image BBC News Replica: the skull is a million years old but has some modern features A million-year-old human skull found in China suggests that our species, Homo sapiens, began to emerge at least half a million years earlier than we thought, researchers are claiming in a new study. It also shows that we co-existed with other sister species, including neanderthals, for much longer than we've come to believe, they say. The scientists claim their analysis "totally changes" our understanding of human evolution and, if correct, it would certainly rewrite a key early chapter in our history. But other experts in a field where disagreement over our emergence on the planet is rife, say that the new study's conclusions are plausible but far from certain. The discovery, published in one if the world's leading scientific journals, Science, shocked the research team, which included scientists from a university in China and the UK's Natural History Museum. "From the very beginning, when we got the result, we thought it was unbelievable. How could that be so deep into the past?" said Prof Xijun Ni of Fudan University, who co-led the analysis. "But we tested it again and again to test all the models, use all the methods, and we are now confident about the result, and we're actually very excited." please log in to view this image Fudan University The skulls were discovered by a Chinese team in Hubei Province in central China who compared them with other human species When scientists found the skull, named Yunxian 2, they assumed it belonged to an earlier ancestor of ours, Homo erectus, the first large-brained humans. That's because it dated back about a million years, long before more advanced humans were thought to have emerged. Homo erectus eventually evolved and began to diverge 600,000 years ago into Neanderthals and our species – Homo sapiens. But the new analysis of Yunxian 2, which has been reviewed by experts independent of the research team, suggests that it is not Homo erectus. It is now thought to be an early version of Homo longi, a sister species at similar levels of development to neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Genetic evidence suggests it existed alongside them, so if Yunxian 2 walked the Earth a million years ago, say the scientists, early versions of neanderthal and our own species probably did too. This startling analysis has dramatically shifted the timeline of the evolution of large-brained humans back by at least half a million years, according to Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum, a co-lead on the research. He said there are likely to be million year-old fossils of Homo sapiens somewhere on our planet - we just haven't found them yet. please log in to view this image 0:45 Watch Science Correspondent Pallab Ghosh explain how the human family tree may have been redrawn There are two ways to pinpoint the species of an early human and work out when it walked the Earth - analysing the shape of the skull and its genetic data. In the case of Yunxian 2 both methods were used, and each came to the same conclusion. But other researchers, such as Dr Aylwyn Scally, an evolutionary geneticist at Cambridge University, say there are considerable uncertainties in both methods. "One has to be particularly tentative about the the timing estimates, because those are very difficult to do, regardless of what evidence you're looking at, be that genetic or fossil evidence," he said. "Even with the largest amount of genetic data, it is very difficult to place a time when these populations may have coexisted to within 100,000 years, or or even more." He added that while Profs Ni and Stringer's conclusions were plausible, they were far from certain, and that more evidence was needed to be sure. "That picture is still quite unclear to us, so if the conclusions of this research are supported by other analyses, ideally from some genetic data, then I think we would start to be increasingly confident about it," he told BBC News. The earliest known evidence for early Homo sapiens in Africa is 300,000 years ago, so it is tempting to conclude that our species might have evolved first in Asia. But there is not enough evidence to be sure at this stage, according to Prof Stringer, because there are human fossils in Africa and Europe that are also a million years old that need to be incorporated into the analysis. "There is some genetic evidence that points to the even earlier emergence of our species which may have recombined with our lineage, but this is not yet proven," he told BBC News. The earlier timeline means that the three species of humans co-existed on the planet for around 800,000 years, much longer than previously thought, perhaps interacting and interbreeding in that time. please log in to view this image Fudan University The white skulls are the orginal, distorted fossils and the grey ones are replica's that have been computer corrected The earlier emergence also helps make sense of dozens of human fossil remains dating from 800,000 years ago and 100,000 years ago that scientists have found hard to classify and find their place in the human family tree – the so-called "muddle in the middle". But the earlier emergence of Homo sapiens, Homo longi and Neanderthals neatly solves the problem. It means that is now possible to group the hard-to-classify fossils as subgroups belonging to one of the "big three," or their more primitive ancestors, Asian Homo erectus and heidelbergensis, according to Prof Ni. "Human evolution is like a tree," he said. "This tree included several branches, and there were three major branches that are closely related, and they may have some interbreeding to each other, and they coexisted for almost 1 million years. So this is an unbelievable result." The skull was excavated along with two others from Hubei Province. But they were damaged and crushed, which is one of the reasons that Yunxian 2 had been miscategorised as erectus. To restore them to their original shape, Prof Ni's team scanned the skulls and undistorted them using computer modelling techniques and then printed replicas on a 3D printer. Seeing them as they truly were enabled the scientists to reclassify them as a separate – more advanced group of human.
“The earlier timeline means that the three species of humans co-existed on the planet for around 800,000 years, much longer than previously thought, perhaps interacting and interbreeding in that time.” Must have found their way to Norwich too then!
Life-changing eye implant helps blind patients read again please log in to view this image 0:40 Sheila Irvine, who is registered blind, punches the air with joy at being able to read again A group of blind patients can now read again after being fitted with a life-changing implant at the back of the eye. A surgeon who inserted the microchips in five patients at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London says the results of the international trial are "astounding". Sheila Irvine, 70, who is registered blind, told the BBC it was "out of this world" to be able to read and do crosswords again. "It's beautiful, wonderful. It gives me such pleasure." The technology offers hope to people with an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), called geographic atrophy (GA), which affects more than 250,000 people in the UK and five million worldwide. In those with the condition - which is more common in older people - cells in a tiny area of the retina at the back of the eye gradually become damaged and die, resulting in blurred or distorted central vision. Colour and fine detail are often lost. The new procedure involves inserting a tiny 2mm-square photovoltaic microchip, with the thickness of a human hair, under the retina. Patients then put on glasses with a built-in video camera. The camera sends an infrared beam of video images to the implant at the back of the eye, which sends them on to a small pocket processor to be enhanced and made clearer. The images are then sent back to the patient's brain, via the implant and optic nerve, giving them some vision again. The patients spent months learning how to interpret the images. Mahi Muqit, consultant ophthalmic surgeon at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London, who led the UK arm of the trial, told the BBC it was "pioneering and life-changing technology". "This is the first implant that's been demonstrated to give patients meaningful vision that they can use in their daily life, such as reading, writing. "I think this is a major advance," he said. How the implant technology works For the research, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, 38 patients with geographic atrophy in five European countries took part in the trial of the Prima implant, which is made by California biotech Science Corporation. Of 32 patients given the implant, 27 were able to read again using their central vision. After a year, this equated to an improvement of 25 letters, or five lines, on an eye chart. For Sheila, from Wiltshire, the improvement is even more dramatic. Without the implant, she is completely unable to read. But when we filmed Sheila reading an eye chart at Moorfields Hospital, she did not make a single error. After completing it, she punched the air and cheered. 'I am one happy bunny' please log in to view this image Sheila says she rushes her chores every day in order to sit down and put on the special glasses The task took huge concentration. Sheila had to put a pillow under her chin in order to steady the feed from the camera, which can focus on just one or two letters at a time. At some points she needed the device switched to magnification mode, especially to distinguish between the letters C and O. Sheila began losing her central vision more than 30 years ago, due to loss of cells in the retina. She describes her vision as like having two black discs in each eye. Sheila gets around using a white cane because her very limited peripheral vision is completely blurred. She is unable to read even the largest street signs when outdoors. When she had to give up her driving licence, she says she cried. But after having an implant fitted around three years ago, she is delighted by her progress, as is the medical team at Moorfields. "I am able to read my post, books, and do crosswords and Sudoku," she says. When asked if she ever thought she'd read again, Sheila replied: "Not on your nelly!" "It is amazing. I am one happy bunny," she adds. "Technology is moving so fast, it's amazing that I am part of it." please log in to view this image Sheila concentrates hard in order to read Sheila doesn't wear the device when outdoors. In part, this is because it requires great concentration - her head has to be held very still in order to read. She also does not want to become over-reliant on the device. Instead, she says she "rushes her chores" at home each day before sitting down and putting on the special glasses. The Prima implant is not yet licensed so is not available outside of clinical trials, and it's unclear how much it may eventually cost. Nonetheless, Mahi Muqit said he hoped it would be available to some NHS patients "within a few years." It's possible the technology could be used to help people with other eye conditions in the future. Dr Peter Bloomfield, director of research at Macular Society, says the results are "encouraging" and "fantastic news" for those who currently have no treatment options. "Artificial vision may offer a lot of hope to many, particularly after previous disappointments in the world of dry AMD treatment. "We are now watching closely to see if the Prima implant will be approved for use here in the UK, and crucially whether it could be made available on the NHS." The implant would not help restore sight in people born blind, because they don't have a functioning optic nerve to pass signals to the brain.
When warring troops stopped fighting and shared a picnic 9 November 2025 Share Save Jo LonsdaleNorth East and Cumbria Investigations please log in to view this image Trudy Johnson The picnic and prayer truce on Aka island was described in a now declassified report written in July 1945 A fragile truce near the end of one of the bloodiest land battles of World War Two saw US and Japanese soldiers suspend their fighting and sit down together... for a picnic. According to the Newcastle University professor who helped research it, the event deserves much greater recognition. "It is just as remarkable as the truce of World War One when British and German soldiers stopped fighting on Christmas Day, perhaps even more so given the hatred and fear between the US and Japanese troops at the time," said political geographer Nick Megoran. He was part of a team which travelled to an isolated beach on Aka island in Japan to commemorate an event many islanders themselves know little about. It was there in 1945, in the shadow of the Battle of Okinawa, that US and Japanese troops stopped fighting to talk, eat and pray together. Prof Megoran said: "Remembrance Sunday 80 years on is a really appropriate time to talk about an incredible moment which has been largely overlooked." please log in to view this image Nick Megoran Prof Hiroshi Sakai (centre) heard about the truce during a chance conversation with Aka islanders on a flight For decades, the event was little known beyond the memories of those who were there. But in 2004 Japanese University lecturer Hiroshi Sakai, then a newspaper reporter, was sitting on a plane next to an elderly couple who explained they had been children on Aka during the war. "I asked them if they had endured terrible experiences," he said, but they explained that American and Japanese soldiers had held talks which had led to a state of ceasefire. Prof Sakai said he had been "astonished". "Even though it was the war's final stages, Japanese forces were still mounting desperate resistance at the end of June," he said. He began his own investigation and, in March 2024, sent an email to Prof Megoran who had published research on the 1914 Christmas truces. please log in to view this image Nick Megoran said he was "spellbound" when he first saw a photograph of the truce Prof Sakai attached a photograph of Japanese and US soldiers praying together on a beach in June 1945. "I was spellbound," Prof Megoran said. "I just sat there looking at it for a very long time and, actually, my eyes welled up with tears. "In a war when each side dehumanised the other, when civilians took their own lives rather than surrender, for an event like that to take place. "I just knew this was a story which needed telling." please log in to view this image Trudy Johnson The Americans spent several days circumnavigating the island appealing to the Japanese to surrender The Battle of Okinawa saw massive casualties on both sides, including many civilians. In June 1945, United States Lt Col George Clark was tasked with securing Aka where a Japanese garrison was based. He assembled a small team of American officers, along with Japanese prisoners of war who agreed to cooperate in the hope of saving lives. They spent several days circumnavigating the island, using loudspeakers to broadcast appeals to surrender. please log in to view this image Trudy Johnson Major Yutaka Umezawa (right), a Japanese PoW, helped build trust between the two sides The deadlock broke when one of the team, Lt David Osborn, swam ashore and left flags with messages on. Eventually the garrison commander, Major Yoshihiko Noda, indicated he would be willing to talk but only in the presence of Major Yutaka Umezawa, who had been injured and captured by the Americans. Trudy Johnson, Lt Col Clark's daughter, said her father and Major Umezawa "had become close". "One night my Dad talked to him for hours trying to persuade him to help," she said. please log in to view this image Trudy Johnson Trudy Johnson says her father was proud of what he achieved in 1945 On 26 June, a group of US forces and Major Umezawa landed on the shore, with Japanese soldiers fanned out in the hills above. "They could have been shot at any time, but my father always said he wasn't afraid," Ms Johnson said. Instead of bullets, Major Noda appeared. The two commanders saluted, put down their weapons and began talking. As the negotiations continued, a roast pork lunch was assembled for everyone and they picnicked together on the beach. In his official report Lt Col Clark described it as "the most amazing spectacle it has been my lot to behold". The Japanese said they were unable to surrender, but a truce was agreed. Before the US troops departed, Lt Col Clark asked if the Japanese "would like to join the group in a prayer to the Supreme Being of all faiths for international understanding and peace", led by the US chaplain, which they agreed to do. The truce held until the Japanese surrender in August and there was no further loss of life on Aka. please log in to view this image Nick Megoran Prayers were held at the spot exactly 80 years on from the original truce "When we visited in June we interviewed the children of participants and even a civilian eyewitness," Prof Megoran said. "Younger people on Aka don't know much about the truce but the older people remember." Pete Alston, from Jesmond Parish Church in Newcastle, led prayers in both English and Japanese at the same spot where the warring soldiers first talked 80 years ago. "It was such a small event in the midst of so much violence," he said of the picnic in 1945. please log in to view this image Trudy Johnson Lt Col George Clark never returned to Japan Ms Johnson, who had kept all her father's photographs from the time, believes the story is not better known because neither side were following orders. The US soldiers failed to secure a surrender and the Japanese soldiers negotiated with the enemy. Prof Sakai agrees and added: "For the former Japanese military, an unauthorised negotiation constituted an extremely grave breach of military discipline." please log in to view this image Nick Megoran The Cornerstone of Peace Memorial is dedicated to more than 200,000 people who lost their lives during the Battle of Okinawa Lt Col Clark never returned to Japan, although in 1987 he was interviewed by a Japanese TV channel about his wartime experiences, with his daughter listening in. "For many years he believed some of the men on the Japanese side had been executed for treason following the truce," Ms Johnson said. "That's the only time I ever saw my dad cry - when they told him that wasn't true. "I am an old lady now and I needed someone to pick this up from me, and I'm so glad Nick has come along. "Of course it was a team effort, there were many brave men involved including the Japanese PoWs who risked their lives by cooperating. "But my Dad was a good man, he knew what they were doing back then was the right thing."
never heard of this Saudia Flight 163Not to be confused with Saudia Flight 162. Saudia Flight 163 please log in to view this image The damage to the aircraft after the fire Accident Date 19 August 1980 Summary Failure to evacuate following in-flight fire of unknown origin Site Riyadh International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia please log in to view this image 24°42′42″N 46°43′37″E Aircraft please log in to view this image HZ-AHK, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 1979 Aircraft type Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar Operator Saudia IATA flight No. SV163 ICAO flight No. SVA163 Call sign SAUDIA 163 Registration HZ-AHK Flight origin Quaid-e-Azam Int'l Airport, Karachi, Pakistan Stopover Riyadh International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Destination Kandara Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Occupants 301 Passengers 287 Crew 14 Fatalities 301 Survivors 0 Saudia Flight 163 was a scheduled Saudia passenger flight departing from Quaid-e-Azam Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, bound for Kandara Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, via Riyadh International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which caught fire after takeoff from Riyadh International Airport (now the Riyadh Air Base)[1] on 19 August 1980. Although the Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar made a successful emergency landing at Riyadh, the flight crew failed to perform an emergency evacuation of the airplane, leading to the deaths of all 287 passengers and 14 crew on board the aircraft from smoke inhalation. The accident is the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar,[2] and the deadliest to occur in Saudi Arabia.[1][3] At the time, this was the second-deadliest aircraft accident in the history of aviation involving a single airplane after Turkish Airlines Flight 981 and the third-deadliest overall after Turkish Airlines Flight 981 and the Tenerife airport disaster.[4] Aircraft The aircraft involved in the accident was a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, registered in Saudi Arabia as HZ-AHK with serial number 1169. The aircraft was certified on 23 July 1979 and was delivered to Saudia nearly a month later. It had accumulated a total of 3,023 flight hours and 1,759 cycles. HZ-AHK was equipped with three Rolls Royce RB211-524 engines with each having an average of 4,000 total engine hours.[5]: 89 Passengers and crew Nationalities of the victims[citation needed] Nationality Number Canada 1 China 1 Finland 1 France 5[6] please log in to view this image Iran 81 Ireland 1 Japan 1 South Korea 4 Pakistan 64 Philippines 6 Saudi Arabia 125 Taiwan 1 Thailand 2 United Kingdom 5[7] United States 3 Total 301 Of the flight's passengers, 82 boarded in Karachi, while the remaining 205 boarded in Riyadh. The majority of the passengers were Saudis and Pakistani religious pilgrims on their way to Mecca. In addition to the Saudis and Pakistanis, 32 religious pilgrims were from Iran. Also, a small number of passengers were from various countries, who were heading to Jeddah for diplomatic missions.[5]: 89 [8][9] Four of the passengers were British.[7] There was a total of three crew members in the flight deck. All were inexperienced with the aircraft type: The captain of the flight was 38-year-old Mohammed Khowyter (محمد الخويطر), a Saudi national hired by Saudia in 1965 who had flown the Douglas DC-3, DC-4, McDonnell Douglas DC-9, Boeing 707 and 737. Despite being certified to fly such a wide range of aircraft, Khowyter's records described him as a slow learner and in need of more appropriate training. Khowyter had 7,674 flying hours but only 388 hours on the TriStar – a significantly more sophisticated aircraft.[5]: 89 The first officer was 26-year-old Sami Hasanain (سامي حسنين), also a Saudi national, who joined the airline as a pilot in 1977. During training Hasanain had at one point been removed from flying school for poor performance. He had 1,615 flying hours in total but only 125 hours in the TriStar: he received his type rating just 11 days before the accident.[5]: 82–83 The flight engineer was 42-year-old Bradley Curtis. Previously certified as a captain of the antiquated and comparatively unsophisticated Douglas DC-3, he was hired by Saudia during a major recruitment drive in 1974 and assigned to pilot training for their expanding Boeing 707 and 737 international fleet. He failed to qualify and consequently his employment was terminated in May of 1978 but he appealed his termination and requested to be considered as a Flight Engineer and offered to fund his own training which he completed and was approved as a 707 F/E in November 1978 and in May 1980, after completing a simulator training course at Lockheed California, approved as a Flight Engineer on all routes. It has been reported that Curtis had dyslexia. Curtis had 650 flying hours as an FE, and 157 hours on type.[5]: 84–85 [10] Six flight attendants were from the Philippines, three were from Pakistan, and one was from the United Kingdom.[11] Accident please log in to view this image An overview of Saudia Flight 163 after the fire Flight 163 departed Quaid-e-Azam International Airport (now Jinnah International Airport) in Karachi, Pakistan, at 18:32 Pakistan time (13:32 UTC) bound for Kandara Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with a scheduled intermediate stop at Riyadh Airport. The flight arrived in Riyadh at 19:06 Saudi time (16:06 UTC) and had a two-hour layover for refueling. During the layover, several of the passengers disembarked. After refueling, the flight took off at 21:08 (18:08 UTC) bound for Jeddah.[5] Almost seven minutes into the flight, the crew received warnings of smoke from the cargo compartment.[5]: 66–67, 98 The crew spent the next four minutes trying to confirm the warnings, after which Flight Engineer Curtis went back into the cabin to confirm the presence of smoke. Captain Khowyter decided to return to the airport, and First Officer Hasanain radioed their intentions at 21:20 (18:20 UTC). please log in to view this image The remains of HZ-AHK, after the fire At 21:25 (18:25 UTC), the thrust lever for the number two engine (the center engine) became jammed as the fire burned through the operating cable. At 21:29 (18:29 UTC), the engine was shut down during final approach.[5]: 6 At 21:35 (18:35 UTC), Khowyter declared an emergency and landed back at Riyadh.[12] After touchdown at 21:36 (18:36 UTC), the airplane continued to a taxiway at the end of the runway where it exited the runway, stopping at 21:39 (18:39 UTC), 2 minutes and 40 seconds after touchdown. The airport fire rescue equipment was stationed back on the landing section of the runway, with emergency personnel expecting an emergency stop and evacuation. This meant they had to rush after the aircraft, which had used the entire length of a 4,000-metre (13,000 ft) runway to slow and then exit onto the taxiway. The airplane stopped facing in the opposite direction from landing.[5]: 7 Once the aircraft had stopped, the crew reported that they were shutting down the engines and about to evacuate. On arrival at the aircraft soon after, however, the rescue personnel found that the two wing-mounted engines were still running, preventing them from opening the doors. These were finally shut down at 21:42 (18:42 UTC), 3 minutes and 15 seconds after the aircraft came to a stop, when communication with the crew was lost. No external fire was visible at this time, but flames were observed through the windows at the rear of the aircraft. Twenty-three minutes after engine shutdown, at 22:05 (19:05 UTC), the R2 door (second door on the right side) was opened by ground personnel. Three minutes later, the interior of the aircraft flashed over, and was destroyed by fire. All 301 occupants on board died.[5]: 8 Investigation please log in to view this image Cargo compartment C3 after the fire The investigation revealed the fire had started in the aft C3 cargo compartment.[5]: 77–78 The fire was intense enough to burn through the cabin floor, causing passengers seated in that area of the cabin to move forward prior to the landing. The source of the fire in compartment C3 could not be determined.[5]: 78 Saudi officials found two butane stoves in the burned-out remains of the airliner, and a used fire extinguisher near one of them.[5]: 35 One early theory was that the fire began in the passenger cabin when a passenger used his own butane stove to heat water for tea.[13] The investigation found no evidence to support this theory.[5]: 78 Why Captain Khowyter failed to evacuate the aircraft promptly is not known. Saudi reports stated that the crew could not get the plug-type doors to open in time.[14] It is assumed that most passengers and flight attendants were incapacitated during the landing roll, or they did not attempt to open a door on a moving aircraft.[15] The aircraft is known to have remained pressurized during the landing roll as the cabin pressurization system was on standby, and the aircraft was found with both pressurization hatches almost completely closed. The pressurization hatches should have opened completely on touchdown to depressurize the aircraft. The crew were found still in their seats, and all the victims were found in the forward half of the fuselage. Autopsies were conducted on some of the non-Saudi nationals, including the American flight engineer. All of them perished from smoke inhalation and not burns, which indicated that they had died long before the R2 door was opened. Policy changes After the event, the airline revised its training and emergency procedures. Lockheed also removed the insulation from above the rear cargo area and added glass laminate structural reinforcement. The US National Transportation Safety Board recommended that aircraft use halomethane extinguishers instead of traditional hand-held fire extinguishers.[9] Crew resource management Flight 163 highlighted the need for better crew resource management. This is evident from the primary lapses in effective communication that prevented the crew from carrying out a final successful evacuation from the aircraft. These lapses are enabled in part by so-called power distances between juniors and superiors in workplace settings, relationships found in all societies, but emphasized more in some than in others.[16] "In high power-distance cultures, juniors do not question superiors and leaders may be autocratic", leading to situations where a first officer finds it difficult to question decisions made by the captain, conditions that may have been present on Saudia Flight 163.[17][16][18] Analysis of the CVR found that a power distance may have taken place, as the captain repeatedly ignored requests from the flight's chief purser to order an evacuation. As the aircraft's CVR stopped recording before the emergency landing due to fire damage, the exact reason for the captain refusing to order an evacuation is unknown, though his behavior and actions during the flight were found to be contributing factors to the accident.[19] The power distance phenomenon has the capability of affecting flight safety globally, but as the work performed in the cockpit is markedly dependent upon the ability of one worker to crosscheck the work of another and vice versa, the danger is most apparent in individuals brought up in cultures that traditionally revere high power distances between those in positions of power and their subordinates.[17] In popular culture In 1982, the British current-affairs program World in Action aired an episode entitled "The Mystery of Flight 163". This documented the accident and was subsequently used to train pilots in the value of crew resource management.[20] This accident is covered in season 24, episode 8, of Mayday titled "Under Fire" (2024).[21]
